Lifestyle Modifications for the Prevention of Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Narrative Comparative Review of Obese and Non-Obese Populations

Abstract

One of the biggest causes of illness and death in the world is still acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Obesity is a significant modulator of cardiovascular risk, and variable lifestyle factors account for a significant share of AMI incidents. We narratively compare the long-term effects, difficulties, and effectiveness of lifestyle changes in preventing AMI in adult populations that are obese and non-obese. PubMed and Google Scholar were used to perform a narrative review of the literature. Studies on adult human populations published in English between 2000 and 2024 were taken into consideration. Included were original research papers, randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and appropriate reviews examining lifestyle modifications to prevent AMI. A qualitative synthesis of the evidence was conducted with a comparative focus on obese and non-obese populations. Dietary changes, exercise, avoiding tobacco use, and behavioral techniques are examples of lifestyle treatments that have been linked to a lower risk of AMI in all BMI groups. Because of metabolic, inflammatory, and psychosocial barriers, obese people frequently need more intensive, diverse treatments, while non-obese people benefit from risk-factor and long-term behavioral preventative measures. In both obese and non-obese people, changing one's lifestyle can effectively lower the risk of AMI. In general, obese people need specialized, intensive, and long-term interventions. Certain public health activities are essential for improving cardiovascular outcomes, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).