The Impact of Social Support on Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Women with Breast Cancer in Northwestern Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background

Breast cancer is a major health burden in Nigeria, particularly in Northwestern Nigeria, where it accounts for approximately 25% of all female cancer diagnoses. Beyond its physical effects, breast cancer is associated with substantial psychological distress—including depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)—which negatively impacts quality of life, treatment adherence, and overall outcomes. Social support plays a protective role by buffering psychological distress; however, its influence among breast cancer patients in Northwestern Nigeria remains underexplored. This study aimed to assess the impact of social support on depression and GAD among women with breast cancer in this region.

Materials and Methods

This cross-sectional study involved 240 female breast cancer patients attending various oncology clinics. Depression and GAD were evaluated using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), while social support was assessed with the Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS-3). Descriptive statistics were computed, and associations between social support, depression, and GAD were evaluated using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests. Variables with significant bivariate associations were entered into a binary logistic regression model to identify independent predictors. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

Participants with poor social support experienced significantly higher rates of depression (p = 0.012) and GAD (p = 0.04). Logistic regression analysis further demonstrated that poor social support was an independent predictor of both conditions, significantly increasing the likelihood of depression and GAD among breast cancer patients.

Conclusion

Poor social support is strongly associated with increased rates of depression and GAD among women with breast cancer in Northwestern Nigeria. Strengthening social support systems may serve as an important intervention to improve the psychological well-being and overall treatment outcomes of this population.